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Earth is not alone

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During the past few years,
Scientists have found planets beyond our planet

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One of billions of planets in the Milky Way

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There is an acceptable chance

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That the galaxy's planets outnumber their stars

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We roam the planets 
to find evidence of an atmosphere

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And water is liquid

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and its own life.

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We will know where in the night sky 
and found a second earth

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We have a scientific method
to determine whether there is life on other planets

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Another earth

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and an alien life

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The truth is out there,

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But are we ready for it?

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"How the Universe Works"

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"Search for Second Earth"

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The Earth gives us a model of life as we know it

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The sun warms our oceans

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Create an ideal environment 
with all standards of life

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From the smallest.. to giant things you know

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Mountains .. plains .. and forests

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There are countless species of plants and animals

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All are covered and protected in a dense atmosphere

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It's our paradise

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20 years ago, a group of scientists decided 
looking to see if there is any other paradise

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They are collectively called exoplanets. 
(or Extrasolar planet - Planet outside the Solar System)

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revolves around the stars that are illuminating the night sky

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Over the past decade, there has been a revolution
in the discovery of these exoplanets

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That revolutionized the entire field of astronomy

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The early days of exoplanet searching

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Giant planets are the size of Jupiter

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shows that these hot gas-filled "giants" seem easy to find

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But they do not yield life as we know it.

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New approaches and technologies enable astronomers 
targeting planets smaller than the size of Earth

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Great results have changed
how we see our place in the universe

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Now we know something precious:

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Planet Earth is not unique 
or even not so rare

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There are many planets, groups or clusters of planets,

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like another Earth

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orbiting other stars

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Some stars have multiple "Earths" 
move around them,

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this is a common image of Earth-like planets

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Thanks to the revolution in the search for exoplanets,
We have built a space telescope called "Kepler".

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"Kepler Space Telescope" 
is an observatory in space

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Looking at just one point in the sky,

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It can help us observe nearly 150,000 stars

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And search for Earth-like planets 
has the distinctive signature of orbiting other stars

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Every time a planet 
move to a position in front of a star,

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it will block a little of that star's light.

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And if you plan to follow this light

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It drops a bit then comes back to normal
when the planet passes through that position

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In just four years,

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scientists have observed 
are more than a thousand exoplanets

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 from its light and darkness

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But Kepler has a problem

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It cannot be inseparable if the shadow 
comes from a giant, lifeless gas planet

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Or a similar planet with the possibility of life

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What we measure when a planet 
passes in front of its star

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Percentage of the planet's area 
relative to the region of the star it passes in front of

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basically a ratio.

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But the planets are Jupiter-sized 
passing in front of giant stars "fooled" Kepler

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Because it blocks the same amount of light 
with a planet similar in size to Earth 
when passing in front of smaller stars

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To prove that this planet 
about the same size as Earth

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We must measure the size of its star
with the world's largest telescope

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But it's quite time consuming,

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very expensive and it also creates 
a giant pile of exoplanets

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But astronomer Kim Anastasin 
came up with a "genius idea"

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Convert raw "Kepler" data into audio

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We use data 
that Kepler measures directly

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Tiny changes in the light that the star emits

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due to oscillations caused by boiling motions 
and gas turbulence on its surface.

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What we do is take light fluctuation data 
and convert it to sound in the studio

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With audio frequencies, we can use sound 
represents what we are observing with light.

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The larger the star, the brighter its surface becomes

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activities cause larger stars to burn more intensely

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By converting into sound, 
This seething becomes clear

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Let's listen to some stars 
- OK -

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Can we hear the "red giant star"?

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Convert audio here

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This is a large, low-intensity sounding star

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And this loud hissing sound is the result of boiling 
and large oscillations on the surface of the "red giant star"

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Can we hear the "dwarf star"?

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On smaller stars, sunspots predominate on either side of the sound,

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causes low frequency resonance

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It appears as a series of "clicking" sounds.

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But behind the clicks was a small hiss 
which Kevin needed to calculate the size of the stars.

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Below it is very low... hiss low

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This sound is the vibrating light we are interested in

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Measure this hiss accurately

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Kevin can calculate the size of a star

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In this case, 
it is about the size of our star, the sun

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Kevin's work could be a scientific breakthrough 
for exoplanet seekers

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It is cheap and has immediate results

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And when do you know the size of the star?

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and know the size of the planet casting its shadow?

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It's very easy

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It makes me proud to be a scientist, 
an astronomer

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I work in this field 
and contribute to the search for the next earth.

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We have explored hundreds of worlds

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And we're about to find the next earth.

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Astronomers believe that 
There are tens of billions of Earth-like rocky planets in the Milky Way

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Where life may have appeared

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But life as we know it requires water

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But how do scientists find this magical substance? 
On planets many light years away?

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Water divides our living world

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Wherever there is water, it thrives.

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Where there is no water, it is very difficult.

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It's amazing what the water we drink today can do

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contains the same water atoms 
that dinosaurs drank hundreds of millions of years ago.

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That is the same water that forms clouds 
of the young Earth four billion years ago

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And every living creature present on Earth has used this water source

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as a biochemical power plant 
help them survive on Earth.

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All life requires liquid water 
to grow and reproduce.

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That is a general requirement for the environment of life.

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Liquid water is good for continuous growth

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The molecules can dissolve in water

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and interact with each other in complex chains.

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This is done with electric charge.
There are positive and negative charges

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separates hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules.

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These charges separate the hydrocarbons of the molecules

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based on carbon found everywhere in nature.

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This is rare, 
and other liquids rarely do this

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Water is liquid, it is the first thing in nature

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when you look at the universe and wonder 
Which planets could harbor life?

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To find out how much liquid water is there,

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Astronomers must first calculate 
Prevalence of water under all conditions

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Surprisingly, 
they find it wherever they look.

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Water is very diffuse.

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In the gaseous state, we see water vapor filling space 
between the stars

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We find them in clouds of matter 
creating new stars and planets today.

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Since water is the basic building block of stars and planets,

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so it must be abundant in exoplanetary worlds.

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But if you are looking for life 
then you have to find liquid water, and a lot of it

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To search for it, scientists get
 inspiration from a fairy tale

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Everyone knows the famous story
"The Blond Girl and the Three Bears"

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And the other and third cups of hot and cold soup are suitable.(???)

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When it comes to life, it's like making soup

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You have to have an environment 
Not too hot or too cold, but appropriate

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and we look for it at a certain distance from the star.

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Scientists rely on magic distance
called the zone of life

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around the earth's orbit around the sun

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But as they find more and more exoplanets,

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they had to reassess the boundaries of their search for liquid water,

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there is no distance that depends on the illumination 
of your mother star

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If it's a star with opaque light, 
you have to stay closer.

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If it is a super bright hot star
then you should move further away.

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Scientists have calculated the number of rocky planets 
may lie in the habitable zones of their stars

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... their abundance turns out to be possible 
thirty billion potential aquatic environments.

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The most interesting recent discoveries have shown us that 
not only are the planets in the habitable zone,

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but there can also be moons 
but they also have blue oceans.

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Most of the planets we find
are giant planets about the same size as Jupiter

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However, most of them move in orbits 
the same distance as Earth's orbit from the sun

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Even if the planets we see 
does not support life

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 ... they could still have a moon 
with an atmosphere that can support life

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and the largest of these rocky moons 
may be similar to our living environment.

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There could be billions and billions of moons out there,

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and even countless heavens filled with life

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David Kiping searches for moons in outer space

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Look into the distance 
and twice the brightness of distant stars,

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We search for moons in outer space 
the same way we search for exoplanets.

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Find a way to detect it 
as it passes in front of its host star,

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If this planet had a moon, we would expect it
a significant decrease in light coming from the planet,

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and the decrease is smaller 
to the right or left due to its moon.

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Moons in outer space may be habitable 
possibly one of the most breathtaking landscapes in the universe.

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Imagine a warm, rocky world like ours

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with oceans and mountains,

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but in its sky, a giant planet is flying

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with the blazing moon 
and launched streams of hot magma into space

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Exoplanets, and now the huge potential 
of moons in outer space

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leaving the galaxy teeming with the possibility of life

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But rocky surfaces and liquid oceans may not be enough

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It is necessary for humans to be able to live 
an element of life...air

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Under sunlight, 
Aura around the Earth appears

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 it was a light blue ring of light

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in our atmosphere

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And thanks to the Earth's atmosphere

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supplies everything, all kinds of gases
ensuring the maintenance of life's vast biochemical factories

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But it also protects the oceans 
from the intensity of sunlight,

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prevent vaporized water from flying into space

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... without atmosphere there would be no wind

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... or rain

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...or soft drinks

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Or maybe there is no life

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The atmosphere is essential for life.

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Let's look at planet Earth

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and you will realize that the atmosphere is like an apple peel

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The apple peel preserves the flesh inside

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While our planet's envelope preserves the oceans

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and make the existence of life as we know it possible.

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Scientists, in search 
Exoplanets have life,

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hoping to detect a thin shell of gas 
encloses the planets in this space.

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To do this, they turned to the study of... rainbows

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In the same way 
that water separates sunlight into rainbows

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Astronomers use equipment to separate starlight
into a bundle of colors called a spectrum

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This is one of the oldest scientific methods

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and most visible

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700 years ago, scientists made a prism 
and placed it in front of their telescope

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And they began to receive light from stars like the sun

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and obtain a simple spectrum.

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What they saw was amazing

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it is a rainbow with a continuous band of light

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They found dark lines overlapping the top

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Each chemical composition of a star's shell
will absorb different parts of the spectrum

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and create your own signature using dark lines.

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Top of the yellow part of the spectrum 
There are two dark lines due to sodium

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Just like a brief overview 
about the DNA of stars,

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spectrum gives us 
All basic information about today's stars

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But these lines may hide a great secret

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Faint traces of the outer shell

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And perhaps traces of life in space

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There can also be challenges,
because those planets are very small and dim

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We cannot measure light directly 
emitted from the planets

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the same way we measure 
The beautiful spectrum of the sun

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In other words, 
we have to rely on indirect methods

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An indirect way to do this

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is to analyze the light upon that planet 
crossed in front of his star

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When a star passes outside an atmosphere,

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The gases surrounding the planet will cast their faint glow 
through the stellar spectrum.

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When we see the light from the star 
through this atmosphere,

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The atmosphere will act as a small filter

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So when light passes through this shell

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we will see its spectrum 
There are additional lines added by the planetary cover

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So the change in the spectrum tells us 
something about the characteristics of the planet's outer shell.

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Chemicals that astronomers 
What you want most is oxygen

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Because life alone cannot be liberated
 Adequate amount of Oxygen for easy monitoring

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It's called a biometric fingerprint

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The race is now on to find the fingerprints
Bio in rocky covered exoplanet

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While some groups search 
in the rainbow indirectly,

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Other groups rise to the challenge

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of Oppenheimer a "member" 
of a group trying to take a live photo

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exoplanets using
Giant ground telescope

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We are at the forefront of the first ultra-telephoto imaging

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and hope it has good results

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The biggest challenge in imaging exoplanets

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 is the powerful light of the parent star

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It glows tens of millions of times brighter 
compared to our sun

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The solution is to prevent starlight from reaching the center of the telescope

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Use a set of lenses
Designed to control light flow

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We are now standing under the main telescope mirror

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Light passes through a hole in the center of the mirror 
and go into this box

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00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:54,590
Here there are full optical equipment, engines,
sensors and electronics

242
00:18:54,790 --> 00:18:58,820
It allows control of starlight 
go through this device

243
00:19:01,190 --> 00:19:03,100
Use the latest software

244
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:07,250
They calculate and control the beam of light from the supernova
to block unwanted light

245
00:19:07,450 --> 00:19:12,980
Under the right conditions, we can
detect black holes in an image of a star

246
00:19:13,180 --> 00:19:16,570
so we can see faint objects 
in these areas

247
00:19:16,890 --> 00:19:19,450
Observe the purity of sunlight 
shows problems that arise

248
00:19:19,650 --> 00:19:25,570
Flaws in the optics that emit tiny amounts of starlight are called errors

249
00:19:25,770 --> 00:19:28,180
They look like exoplanets

250
00:19:28,380 --> 00:19:32,450
But Ben came up with an ingenious way 
to separate the bright spots from the planets

251
00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:37,860
We have developed a technique
Exploit one aspect of light spots

252
00:19:38,060 --> 00:19:41,510
They change position in the image

253
00:19:41,710 --> 00:19:44,000
Depending on the color of the photo you choose

254
00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:49,920
Ben uses star imagery

255
00:19:50,120 --> 00:19:53,810
through different color filters 
and put them like a movie

256
00:19:54,010 --> 00:19:56,540
Particles appear and move on the screen

257
00:19:56,740 --> 00:19:59,600
But the planets remained in place

258
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,190
allowing Ben to easily differentiate

259
00:20:02,850 --> 00:20:07,320
I want to point out that there is one small thing here.

260
00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:10,400
If you check carefully,

261
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,390
you will notice that it does not move, and the blobs of light move in front of it.

262
00:20:19,670 --> 00:20:23,150
This fixed point is a candidate exoplanet

263
00:20:24,570 --> 00:20:28,090
On the left is the second planet

264
00:20:28,330 --> 00:20:32,550
They appear in orbit around a star 
200 light years from Earth

265
00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:37,080
Just a decade ago

266
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:41,660
A photo like this is taken through a telescope 
is unimaginable

267
00:20:44,490 --> 00:20:47,780
But today, 
thanks to the ingenuity of astronomers like Ben

268
00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:49,730
We have hundreds of such photos

269
00:20:51,890 --> 00:20:54,930
By analyzing the light coming from distant worlds,

270
00:20:55,130 --> 00:20:58,250
Scientists can find out their chemical composition

271
00:20:58,450 --> 00:21:03,240
Likely traces of life

272
00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:08,960
At the moment we are researching 
Large gas planets like Jupiter

273
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:12,550
There, most likely, there is no life as we know it

274
00:21:12,750 --> 00:21:13,870
But that's the first step

275
00:21:14,070 --> 00:21:17,980
And we will filter out smaller planets over time

276
00:21:18,180 --> 00:21:19,870
By developing this technology,

277
00:21:21,550 --> 00:21:22,850
in the not too distant future

278
00:21:22,850 --> 00:21:28,040
Scientists can easily scan the star
and easily find Earth-like planets

279
00:21:28,050 --> 00:21:30,510
and look for traces of life there.

280
00:21:32,940 --> 00:21:36,100
We can look straight into the light 
from a small planet around some distant star

281
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:39,680
and this opens up great possibilities for us

282
00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:42,620
not just tracking the planets 
but also research about it.

283
00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:46,220
It sounds like science fiction, 
but the truth

284
00:21:46,420 --> 00:21:51,220
 is that we have a scientific method 
to determine whether there is life on other planets

285
00:21:54,810 --> 00:21:56,480
... life is an order

286
00:21:56,680 --> 00:21:59,930
Intelligent life is another matter

287
00:22:00,130 --> 00:22:02,000
It takes billions of years

288
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:08,300
and a force field as powerful as a force field 
that we encounter in everyday life

289
00:22:23,470 --> 00:22:27,770
If an astronomer gives a report
about our solar system

290
00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:29,920
He can make a great observation

291
00:22:30,120 --> 00:22:32,980
because all eight planets revolve around the sun

292
00:22:33,180 --> 00:22:38,150
Among them, there may be two planets suitable for life, 
not a planet

293
00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:41,430
That's an easy mistake to make

294
00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:45,390
Because the solar system has two planets 
located in a potentially habitable area

295
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,140
Earth and Mars

296
00:22:49,530 --> 00:22:53,700
The two planets have two sufficiently warm surfaces 
so that water can exist in liquid form

297
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:57,710
But while the earth is blessed by nature 
with warm oceans,

298
00:22:57,910 --> 00:23:00,250
Then Mars dries to death

299
00:23:01,710 --> 00:23:04,130
Important difference between these two planets

300
00:23:04,330 --> 00:23:08,880
might be the key to find 
... exoplanets have life

301
00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:11,430
A magnetic shield

302
00:23:16,860 --> 00:23:20,890
Our sun continuously shoots deadly radiation 
towards us

303
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:26,580
... our magnetic shield and the magnetosphere 
is what protects us

304
00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:32,020
Without it, the solar wind 
will disturb our atmosphere

305
00:23:32,220 --> 00:23:36,490
And there is no atmosphere, 
Liquid water would not be present on the planet's surface

306
00:23:38,550 --> 00:23:42,810
To have liquid water, you don't need the right temperature, 
which requires appropriate pressure

307
00:23:43,010 --> 00:23:47,590
If the atmosphere did not exist 
Even with this suitable temperature,

308
00:23:47,790 --> 00:23:50,520
All water will immediately evaporate

309
00:23:52,370 --> 00:23:55,070
Where does the earth's magnetic field come from?

310
00:23:55,270 --> 00:23:56,770
And why does Mars have it?

311
00:23:59,210 --> 00:24:03,780
In the past, Earth and Mars 
all have atmosphere

312
00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,670
But Mars lost it about four billion years ago

313
00:24:06,870 --> 00:24:10,250
and lose the ability to sustain life

314
00:24:16,110 --> 00:24:20,270
Earth and Mars were formed in collisions

315
00:24:20,470 --> 00:24:27,420
Asteroids collide with their surfaces, 
turns rocks and minerals into a soluble mass.

316
00:24:28,870 --> 00:24:32,900
As they begin to cool, 
a solid crust forms on the surface,

317
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:37,150
but the molten minerals are inside them 
stir as the planets rotate

318
00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:42,510
and creates a high magnetic field 
above the surface of the two planets.

319
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:49,440
Active volcanoes then inject gas 
into the space surrounding each planet

320
00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,700
and protect them with the newly created magnetic field

321
00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:56,000
These gases develop into a dense atmospheric layer

322
00:24:56,200 --> 00:25:00,660
Creates appropriate pressure for liquid water
can exist on the planet's surface.

323
00:25:00,860 --> 00:25:02,450
For more than a hundred million years,

324
00:25:02,650 --> 00:25:06,860
Earth and Mars are warm, humid paradises

325
00:25:07,060 --> 00:25:08,980
is the golden age 
 for the emergence of life.

326
00:25:09,180 --> 00:25:15,000
Unfortunately, 
 Mars' magnetosphere disappeared

327
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:20,600
and the solar wind blows the atmosphere into space, 
and its oceans dried up

328
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:24,970
leaving behind dry rocks, 
the red dust we see today.

329
00:25:26,460 --> 00:25:28,640
The main problem with Mars is

330
00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:30,110
it is smaller than Earth

331
00:25:30,310 --> 00:25:36,620
Because it's smaller,
Mars' inner core has cooled and solidified

332
00:25:36,820 --> 00:25:41,270
Once it becomes a solid metal, 
There will be no more magnetic field

333
00:25:41,470 --> 00:25:43,260
The magnetosphere closes,

334
00:25:43,460 --> 00:25:48,970
exposed atmosphere 
with energy and radiation from the sun

335
00:25:49,170 --> 00:25:50,970
and the rest of the galaxy

336
00:25:51,170 --> 00:25:53,510
Maybe it was just windy.

337
00:25:53,710 --> 00:25:58,910
And if there is life, especially on the planet's surface, 
it has become completely unprotected

338
00:26:00,620 --> 00:26:03,790
The rocky planets one day lost their magnetospheric cage

339
00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:06,580
when its core cools and hardens

340
00:26:07,930 --> 00:26:10,710
To find out if exoplanets have life or not,

341
00:26:10,910 --> 00:26:15,240
you need to know whether its magnetic envelope 
Is it still active?

342
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:20,900
However, it is difficult to test the magnetosphere 
because it's incredibly weak.

343
00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:25,390
Earth's magnetic field is about half Gauss

344
00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:28,620
It's very weak when you think about it

345
00:26:28,820 --> 00:26:32,090
A refrigerator magnet 
measuring one hundred gauss .. much stronger

346
00:26:34,490 --> 00:26:40,030
The outer planets are too far from us 
to directly measure their magnetic fields.

347
00:26:40,230 --> 00:26:44,090
But there is an indirect method.

348
00:26:45,380 --> 00:26:50,030
When the electrons of the solar wind 
interact with the planet's magnetosphere,

349
00:26:50,230 --> 00:26:53,260
they emit radio waves into space

350
00:26:54,620 --> 00:26:58,600
The planet turns into a giant radio transmitter

351
00:27:00,460 --> 00:27:06,160
Astronomers like "Evgenia" hope to use these signals 
to detect habitable exoplanets

352
00:27:06,360 --> 00:27:13,370
Furthermore, the signal frequency 
tells us how big this planet is

353
00:27:16,330 --> 00:27:19,810
If we look for magnetic traces 
by radio waves,

354
00:27:20,010 --> 00:27:23,300
emitted by a planet as large as Jupiter

355
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:27,970
We expect a strong and high-frequency magnetic field

356
00:27:28,170 --> 00:27:32,130
This radio has a limit of about 100 MHz

357
00:27:32,940 --> 00:27:38,440
but with weaker magnetic fields like Earth's, 
it will reduce the frequency

358
00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:41,810
It drops from 100 to 10 MHz

359
00:27:45,940 --> 00:27:48,490
But the search for exoplanets is at 10 MHz

360
00:27:48,690 --> 00:27:50,900
presents a unique challenge.

361
00:27:53,540 --> 00:28:00,330
Because the Earth's magnetic field creates 
Radio waves block this frequency

362
00:28:01,810 --> 00:28:07,210
So, to distinguish another Earth in space using radio waves, 
we need a receiver in space

363
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,670
When we want to search the magnetosphere 
of planets outside the solar system,

364
00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:16,280
we must escape the Earth and Moon system

365
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:21,570
Please avoid radio frequencies around the earth

366
00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:27,840
With new and upcoming technology

367
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:32,470
... Scientists are approaching great achievements

368
00:28:32,670 --> 00:28:34,650
in the search for a Second Earth.

369
00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:40,090
I wouldn't be surprised if we had data 
about another earth and life

370
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:42,740
around another star in 10 - 15 years

371
00:28:42,940 --> 00:28:44,540
Hope to see that soon

372
00:28:46,940 --> 00:28:51,510
Use darkness...rainbows...and radio waves

373
00:28:51,710 --> 00:28:56,160
Finally, we have the tools
to search for a planet like ours

374
00:28:58,170 --> 00:29:01,050
But as we race to explore 
identical twin planet to Earth,

375
00:29:01,250 --> 00:29:04,140
Are we missing out on something big?

376
00:29:06,470 --> 00:29:08,630
What if the land is at the border?

377
00:29:08,830 --> 00:29:14,180
What if Earth is an exception? 
in that lucky place at the edge of the universe?

378
00:29:14,380 --> 00:29:19,780
Could there be a planet there?
Are there even better circumstances for life?

379
00:29:32,510 --> 00:29:38,270
Astronomers have been observing the sky for many years,
Search for planets that can support life

380
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:41,950
They based their research on the earth

381
00:29:42,150 --> 00:29:46,090
to look for the same atmosphere and the same size

382
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:52,290
I think there's a lot of focus 
in the search for planets like Earth

383
00:29:52,490 --> 00:29:55,510
and whether there is life or not

384
00:29:55,710 --> 00:29:58,170
is another question

385
00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:01,710
But after 20 years of searching for a replica of Earth,

386
00:30:01,910 --> 00:30:06,160
exoplanet seekers 
may be about to change targets.

387
00:30:08,260 --> 00:30:11,940
Recent observations 
about a completely new type of planet that has appeared.

388
00:30:12,140 --> 00:30:15,410
That's kind of possible
overshadowing our "home".

389
00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:19,990
We've learned a few things over the years,
 They really shocked us

390
00:30:20,190 --> 00:30:23,400
With the Kepler space telescope,

391
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:28,090
We have found dozens of planets 
almost the same size as Earth.

392
00:30:28,290 --> 00:30:30,840
We never imagined it 
existence of such planets

393
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:32,550
In fact, in our solar system,

394
00:30:32,750 --> 00:30:39,200
No planet comes close to the size of Earth
and the next largest planet size is Uranus or Neptune

395
00:30:40,190 --> 00:30:44,540
Astronomers call these mysterious planets 
are huge lands

396
00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:48,070
and they are three to five times larger than Earth

397
00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:51,090
Without that here, we don't know what it looks like

398
00:30:51,290 --> 00:30:53,750
It is completely alien on our planet

399
00:30:54,780 --> 00:30:56,020
During the past few years,

400
00:30:56,020 --> 00:31:01,030
Astronomers began to imagine the atmosphere
of this new class of planets

401
00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:03,480
They achieved a great result.

402
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:07,860
Super-Earths may be typical of the habitat

403
00:31:09,650 --> 00:31:13,790
Perhaps there are planets out there that are better for life

404
00:31:13,990 --> 00:31:16,320
Planets have many chemicals

405
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,210
needed to create the organic elements that create life

406
00:31:20,410 --> 00:31:23,790
that makes it more likely 
get life

407
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,090
Imagine a rocky planet twice the size of Earth

408
00:31:30,790 --> 00:31:37,540
Volcanic activity on the surface radiates 
from a hot, huge heart born in its core.

409
00:31:39,340 --> 00:31:45,310
We believe in a bigger Earth
will be more geologically active

410
00:31:45,510 --> 00:31:51,470
As the amount of geothermal heat inside the super-Earth increases

411
00:31:51,670 --> 00:31:57,930
will lead to stronger movements 
of magma under the crust

412
00:31:59,130 --> 00:32:03,660
Volcanoes flood the surface 
of this giant earth

413
00:32:03,860 --> 00:32:07,400
Its gases develop into a dense atmosphere

414
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,680
And it helps to organize a very stable climate

415
00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:14,660
many times, 
create a better environment for life like on Earth

416
00:32:14,860 --> 00:32:18,450
For example, once upon a time, the Earth was a snow globe

417
00:32:18,650 --> 00:32:21,060
completely covered with ice

418
00:32:21,260 --> 00:32:27,510
Perhaps in those other planets, 
there may be an Earth that hasn't turned into a snow globe

419
00:32:27,650 --> 00:32:31,090
The climate is always stable and temperate

420
00:32:32,170 --> 00:32:36,090
Gravity here is three times stronger than Earth's

421
00:32:36,290 --> 00:32:40,810
it pulls the mountain ranges down to a third of their height 
of them if on earth

422
00:32:43,690 --> 00:32:46,350
Gravity also flattens the ocean floor

423
00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:51,080
It filled the shallow sea with chains of volcanic islands

424
00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:54,890
and the waters surrounding these islands 
rich in nutrients

425
00:32:55,090 --> 00:32:58,500
Provides the best environment for life

426
00:32:59,620 --> 00:33:00,880
On those distant planets

427
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:05,290
they may have atmospheres 
causes DNA to form soon

428
00:33:05,490 --> 00:33:07,580
and explode faster

429
00:33:09,460 --> 00:33:14,490
Ultimately, it can protect our lands
with extremely strong magnetic cover

430
00:33:17,890 --> 00:33:25,230
The strength of the magnetic field depends on 
mass state and rotation speed of the planet

431
00:33:25,430 --> 00:33:30,540
It is possible for a planet to be many times larger than Earth

432
00:33:30,740 --> 00:33:33,690
will create a stronger magnetic field

433
00:33:33,890 --> 00:33:38,060
and good planetary protection from our planet's magnetic field

434
00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:43,920
The strongest magnetic field would be a clear advantage 
of life on the vast earth

435
00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:50,610
Around the most stars in the galaxy 
red dwarf stars

436
00:33:52,810 --> 00:33:58,350
The red dwarf's habitable zone is closer to the sun than the solar system

437
00:33:58,550 --> 00:34:01,170
because it contains extremely dark stars

438
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:04,310
If we place the Earth around its solar system,

439
00:34:06,550 --> 00:34:09,510
we're going to scale it down 
in orbit for less than 30 days

440
00:34:09,710 --> 00:34:12,510
That means their closeness 
with your stars

441
00:34:14,370 --> 00:34:19,740
Some astronomers believe that these planets are vulnerable
by solar activity, such as deadly flares.

442
00:34:24,570 --> 00:34:27,720
But the super-Earth has a very strong protective magnetic shell

443
00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:30,190
It can resist these deadly radiations

444
00:34:30,390 --> 00:34:33,860
To allow life to exist 
and grow under a thin sky

445
00:34:34,060 --> 00:34:36,500
full of winding aurora bands.

446
00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:39,960
If a person stands on a super earth

447
00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,280
he will see the aurora descending to lower latitudes

448
00:34:45,380 --> 00:34:46,840
and can produce different colors

449
00:34:49,450 --> 00:34:53,460
If I have the chance, I will go 
one of those exoplanets

450
00:34:53,660 --> 00:34:55,790
I took a photo of it quickly

451
00:34:58,100 --> 00:34:59,550
The most seductive attention

452
00:34:59,560 --> 00:35:02,970
If life exists
on a giant red dwarf

453
00:35:03,170 --> 00:35:08,520
It could be the habitat of civilizations 
longest existence in the entire universe

454
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:12,260
The advantage of red dwarfs is that they last longer

455
00:35:12,500 --> 00:35:15,890
And if there is a giant earth that maintains a strong magnetic field

456
00:35:16,090 --> 00:35:18,050
It evolved over billions and billions of years

457
00:35:18,250 --> 00:35:23,810
Especially when the star is red dwarf
will last for billions and billions of years

458
00:35:23,810 --> 00:35:27,140
Perhaps you are in an ideal order, 
where life can exist

459
00:35:27,340 --> 00:35:30,430
and even grow 
into more complex creatures than us

460
00:35:32,460 --> 00:35:34,380
We are very close

461
00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:38,860
with the nearest neighbors, 
scattered red dwarf stars

462
00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:42,230
It has the potential to thrive in advanced life

463
00:35:43,460 --> 00:35:46,760
But it could also be 
Cosmic killers

464
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:51,740
Lurking in our galaxy 
are preparing to destroy life on a regular basis.

465
00:35:51,940 --> 00:35:55,530
Is it safe?

466
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,620
Revolution in search 
Exoplanet is at its peak

467
00:36:10,820 --> 00:36:15,660
The Kepler space telescope has scanned the stars
our closest to finding planets

468
00:36:15,860 --> 00:36:19,540
and found thousands

469
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,950
For a long time, we didn't know that 
Other stars in the galaxy have planets

470
00:36:27,150 --> 00:36:30,750
and for thousands of years it was impossible to answer this question.

471
00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:33,460
Finally, with modern technology,

472
00:36:33,660 --> 00:36:39,020
we can do it in a surprising way, 
We find them extremely popular

473
00:36:41,980 --> 00:36:43,380
From a small "Kepler" sample

474
00:36:43,580 --> 00:36:50,040
Astronomers believe there are tens of billions of rocky planets 
like Earth on the Milky Way.

475
00:36:50,240 --> 00:36:53,070
Where life can truly thrive

476
00:36:55,230 --> 00:36:59,220
But how many of these planets are there? 
support for life

477
00:36:59,420 --> 00:37:02,030
 for a long time until 
Intelligent life develops?

478
00:37:04,460 --> 00:37:09,360
The answer is surprising 
may depend on its location

479
00:37:11,410 --> 00:37:13,570
The universe is not a happy and safe place

480
00:37:13,770 --> 00:37:15,240
The universe wants to kill us

481
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,970
It's extremely violent.

482
00:37:19,170 --> 00:37:23,010
There are solar flare storms and supernovae
black holes and large galaxies

483
00:37:23,210 --> 00:37:26,520
These are dangerous and bring destruction

484
00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:29,330
Surprisingly, we basically exist

485
00:37:31,150 --> 00:37:33,940
and develop an intelligent, advanced life

486
00:37:34,140 --> 00:37:38,110
Exoplanets need to avoid space killers

487
00:37:38,310 --> 00:37:40,560
For more than three billion years,

488
00:37:43,620 --> 00:37:45,070
if we look at the history of the earth,

489
00:37:45,270 --> 00:37:50,110
The first thing that happened was the rapid emergence of life

490
00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:52,730
But then nothing for a long time

491
00:37:52,930 --> 00:37:55,580
you have nothing but bacteria in the soil

492
00:37:56,750 --> 00:37:58,850
During the first 2.5 billion years,

493
00:37:59,050 --> 00:38:03,010
The earth is ruled by single-celled organisms

494
00:38:03,210 --> 00:38:07,170
Multicellular life has only been around for 1 billion years

495
00:38:07,370 --> 00:38:10,230
Fish appeared for about 500 million years

496
00:38:10,430 --> 00:38:12,770
Mammals appeared in about 200 million years

497
00:38:12,970 --> 00:38:19,170
And modern people have only just set foot 
on the Earth's surface less than 200,000 years ago

498
00:38:20,610 --> 00:38:26,130
The lesson is clear, it takes a long time 
for intelligent life to appear

499
00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:32,910
But most of the planets in the Milky Way 
There isn't enough time for this

500
00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:39,580
Astronomers believe that location 
of planets in the galaxy

501
00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:44,530
Determined it will lead to destruction 
global extinction

502
00:38:44,730 --> 00:38:48,190
There is a theory that there is a zone 
There is life in the galaxy

503
00:38:48,390 --> 00:38:51,360
Similar to the zone where there is life
 around the stars

504
00:38:53,020 --> 00:38:55,560
similar to stars 
very close to the center of the galaxy

505
00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:58,660
in the battle of violent neighbors

506
00:38:58,860 --> 00:39:03,330
The guys are constantly attacking it
 with deadly high-energy radiation

507
00:39:06,110 --> 00:39:10,430
In the middle of the galaxy, 
we have many bright stars

508
00:39:10,430 --> 00:39:12,800
Young stars and even supernovae

509
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,970
Has a strong radiation field, 
incompatible with life.

510
00:39:21,210 --> 00:39:26,330
By forming a supermassive black hole
located in the center of the Milky Way galaxy

511
00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:32,780
This deadly space region 
extends 8,000 light-years from the galactic center

512
00:39:32,980 --> 00:39:36,920
It extends along the spiral arm

513
00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:42,580
For any planet in this zone,

514
00:39:42,780 --> 00:39:47,600
Life on its surface is continuously destroyed

515
00:39:48,460 --> 00:39:51,250
Lucky for us, our star - the sun

516
00:39:51,450 --> 00:39:57,990
located in a relatively quiet area, 
empty space between the two spiral arms of the galaxy

517
00:39:59,380 --> 00:40:03,160
There is a theory that there is a band in the middle of the galaxy

518
00:40:03,540 --> 00:40:04,420
is the habitable region of the galaxy

519
00:40:04,620 --> 00:40:08,630
because there aren't many stars or supernovas here

520
00:40:08,830 --> 00:40:12,810
So it's quiet and could be a great spot 
for a complex life to develop

521
00:40:13,350 --> 00:40:17,580
These amazing places are the outskirts of the Milky Way.

522
00:40:17,780 --> 00:40:20,340
It is protected from the worst galactic radiation

523
00:40:22,890 --> 00:40:30,660
Worlds like Earth here have the luxury 
of a long, continuous period of life connecting together

524
00:40:30,860 --> 00:40:33,090
It evolved into more complex life forms

525
00:40:33,290 --> 00:40:37,910
And perhaps finally 
is an intelligent life like us

526
00:40:42,670 --> 00:40:46,180
The galaxy's habitable zone is just a new theory

527
00:40:46,380 --> 00:40:52,740
But if it is correct, it shrinks the number of points 
that advanced Milky Way life could develop

528
00:40:57,730 --> 00:41:05,090
The good news is that these places are very close 
and aliens are probably at our doorstep

529
00:41:05,290 --> 00:41:08,350
And our technology is 
constantly evolving every day

530
00:41:08,550 --> 00:41:12,330
Not much will pass 
until we find them

531
00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:16,820
I think within 20 years,

532
00:41:16,820 --> 00:41:23,860
we will look up at the night sky
and said that there is another place like earth

533
00:41:25,790 --> 00:41:29,010
We humans will realize that for the first time

534
00:41:29,210 --> 00:41:33,820
There are other cultures and civilizations 
and possibly other religions

535
00:41:33,820 --> 00:41:36,040
among the stars

536
00:41:36,240 --> 00:41:41,340
And we are part of a great tribe

537
00:41:41,980 --> 00:41:45,710
with cousins 
and one day we may contact them

538
00:41:46,210 --> 00:41:51,880
To me, that is one of the greatest achievements 
that humanity will achieve

539
00:41:55,800 --> 00:42:00,110
Sub: sniper.013.vn@gmail.com